Compared with direct airborne measurements of the volcanic plume, passive flank emissions constitute less than 2% of the total volcanic CO 2 budget emitted from Mount Erebus. The estimated output of flank CO 2 degassing is 0.46 kg s −1 (40 Mg d −1). Fumarolic ice towers allow diffuse degassing to be visually identified, providing a strong advantage in determining the total flux rate of these passive emissions. The summit of Antarcticas Mount Erebus, the worlds southernmost historically active volcano, contains an elliptical, 500 x 600 m wide crater whose NE side. The δ 13C isotopic compositions of the CO 2 samples ranged from −2.1 to −4.7‰, suggesting a magmatic origin for the CO 2. Small patches of steaming warm ground contributed 0.010 kg s −1. Fluxes ranged from <0.0001 to 0.034 kg s −1 at 43 actively degassing ice towers. Carbon dioxide effluxes were determined at openings in the ice towers by measuring the CO 2 concentration, air-flow velocity, and size of the exit orifice. Erebus volcano is a 3794-m-high polygenetic stratovolcano located on Ross Island in the southern Ross Sea, Antarctica (Fig. There has been frequent harmonic tremor noted at Erebus since 2000 and likely represents the emplacement of a dike at depth, although the main reservoir for the volcano is believe to lie only tens. Every day, the towering Mount Erebus stratovolcano ejects several ounces of metallic gold throu. Western Utah is an example of a rift zone.
Continental rifting happens as Earths crust and mantle are pulled apart. The fumarolic ice towers offer a unique and simple approach to quantifying the flank CO 2 emissions. Within remote Antarctica is a volcano that erupts solid gold. But Erebus volcano on Ross Island, Antarctica, is in a continental rift zone. Degassing at Mount Erebus occurs as a plume from a persistent convecting anorthoclase phonolite lava lake, and by flank degassing through warm ground and fumarolic ice towers within the summit caldera.
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